About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity

About Byzantine Architecture and the Rise of Christianity Byzantine architecture is a style of building that flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century engineering techniques. Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the reign of Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned centuries, from 330 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and on into todays church architecture. Much of what we call Byzantine architecture today is ecclesiastical, meaning church-related. Christianity began to flourish after the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 when Roman Emperor Constantine (c. 285-337) announced his own Christianity, which legitimized the new religion; Christians would no longer be routinely persecuted. With religious freedom, Christians could worship openly and without threat, and the young religion spread rapidly. The need for places of worship expanded as did the need for new approaches to building design. Hagia Irene (also known as Haghia Eirene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi) in Istanbul, Turkey is the  site of the first Christian church ordered built by Constantine in the 4th Century. Many of these early churches were destroyed but rebuilt atop their rubble by Emperor Justinian. Hagia Irene or Aya Ä °rini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey. Salvator Barki/Getty Images (cropped) Characteristics of Byzantine Architecture Original Byzantine churches are square-shaped with a central floor plan. They were designed after the Greek cross or crux immissa quadrata instead of the Latin crux ordinaria of Gothic cathedrals. Early Byzantine churches might have one, dominant center dome of great height, rising from a square base on half-dome pillars or pendentives. Byzantine architecture blended Western and Middle Eastern architectural details and ways of doing things. Builders renounced the Classical Order in favor of columns with decorative impost blocks inspired by Middle Eastern designs. Mosaic decorations and narratives were common. For example, the mosaic image of Justinian in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy honors the Roman Christian Emporer. The early Middle Ages was also a time of experimentation with building methods and materials. Clerestory windows became a popular way for natural light and ventilation to enter an otherwise dark and smokey building. Mosaic of the Roman Christian Emporer Justinian I Flanked by Military and Clergy. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Construction and Engineering Techniques How do you put a huge, round dome onto a square-shaped room? Byzantine builders experimented with different methods of construction; when ceilings fell in, they tried something else. Art historian Hans Buchwald writes that: Sophisticated methods for assuring structural solidity were developed, such as well-built deep foundations, wooden tie-rod systems in vaults, walls and foundations, and metal chains placed horizontally inside masonry. Byzantine engineers turned to the structural use of pendentives to elevate domes to new heights. With this technique, a dome can rise from the top of a vertical cylinder, like a silo, giving height to the dome. Like the Hagia Irene, the exterior of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy is characterized by the silo-like pendentive construction. A good example of pendentives seen from the inside is the interior of the ​Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) in Istanbul, one of the most famous Byzantine structures in the world. Inside the Hagia Sophia. Frà ©dà ©ric Soltan/Corbis via Getty Images Why This Style Is Called Byzantine In the year 330, Emperor Constantine relocated the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to a part of Turkey known as Byzantium (present-day Istanbul). Constantine renamed Byzantium to be called Constantinople after himself. What we call the Byzantine Empire is really the Eastern Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West. While the Eastern Empire was centered in Byzantium, the Western Roman Empire was centered in Ravenna, in northeast Italy, which is why Ravenna is a well-known tourist destination for Byzantine architecture. The Western Roman Empire in Ravenna fell in 476 but was recaptured in 540 by Justinian. Justinians Byzantine influence is still felt in Ravenna. Byzantine Architecture, East and West The Roman Emperor Flavius Justinianus was not born in Rome, but in Tauresium, Macedonia in Eastern Europe in about 482. His place of birth is a major factor why the reign of the Christian Emperor changed the shape of architecture between 527 and 565. Justinian was a ruler of Rome, but he grew up with the people of the Eastern world. He was a Christian leader uniting two worlds; construction methods and architectural details were passed back and forth. Buildings that previously had been built similar to those in Rome took on more local, Eastern influences. Justinian reconquered the Western Roman Empire, which had been taken over by barbarians, and Eastern architectural traditions were introduced to the West. A mosaic image of Justinian from the Basilica of San Vitale, in Ravenna, Italy is a testament to the Byzantine influence on the Ravenna area, which remains a great center of Italian Byzantine architecture. Byzantine Architecture Influences Architects and builders learned from each of their projects and from each other. Churches built in the East influenced the construction and design of sacred architecture built in many places. For example, the Byzantine Church of the Saints Sergius and Bacchus, a small Istanbul experiment from the year 530, influenced the final design of the most famous Byzantine Church, the grand Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya), which itself inspired the creation of Blue Mosque of Constantinople in 1616. The Eastern Roman Empire profoundly influenced early Islamic architecture, including the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. In Orthodox countries such as Russia and Romania, Eastern Byzantine architecture persisted, as shown by the 15th century Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Byzantine architecture in the Western Roman Empire, including in Italian towns such as Ravenna, more quickly gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and the towering spire replaced the high domes of early Christian architecture. Architectural periods have no borders, especially during what is known as the Middle Ages. The period of Medieval architecture from roughly 500 to 1500 is sometimes called Middle and Late Byzantine. Ultimately, names are less important than influence, and architecture has always been subject to the next great idea. The impact of Justinians rule was felt long after his death in A.D. 565. Source Buchwald, Hans. The Dictionary of Art, Volume 9. Jane Turner, ed. Macmillan, 1996, p. 524

How The Hotel Industry Survive In Recession Tourism Essays

How The Hotel Industry Survive In Recession Tourism Essays How The Hotel Industry Survive In Recession Tourism Essay How The Hotel Industry Survive In Recession Tourism Essay The study is separated by two subdivisions. The first subdivision is a sector is PRESTCOM analysis. The 2nd subdivision of the research focuses on the undertaking design which includes the purposes and aims, a context analysis and a selling analysis sketching the relevant analytical models to be used. Finally, the study will include a program and a timeline for concluding research. This selling environment is made up of the Macro and Micro environments. Sellers should see both internal and external environment for understand the whole market which they want to sale their merchandise ( Masterson and Pickton, 2004 ) . Normally, in the clip of recession, client would non pass excessively much money for abroad vacations, holiday and travelling ( Mintel, 2009 ) , because they see vacations is as a luxury, hence, likely client prefer to alter their ingestion to short metropolis interruption or domestic vacation travel, furthermore man of affairs may take the lowest monetary value to acquire an adjustment for their concern travel. Spending power has diminished as consumers have had to fasten purse strings, although degrees of personal disposable income have been maintained to a grade as a consequence of involvement rates historic depression. Harmonizing to Mintel ( 2010 ) estimates that PDI stagnated in 2004 to 2009, Hotels has been notably crashed by the recession, nevertheless, the environment analysis, such as PRESTCOM and Porter s five Forces, could be used to analyze the consequence in the recession. In order to hold a full positive response of the environments of the Hotel industry, this is the theoretical account will be used. 2.1 POLITICAL Harmonizing to Kotler ( 1996 ) , The political environment is strongly affect cordial reception industry, political environment is made up of Torahs, authorities bureaus and force per unit area groups influence and restrict the activities of assorted administrations and persons in society. Furthermore, The EU has proposed programs to patronize vacations for pensionaries, immature people and those who have non adequate money to go. The thought for aid these people to go was put frontward by Antonio Tajani, the EU commissioner for endeavor and industry, after declaring that an abroad vacation is a human right. Harmonizing to Travel Weekly ( 2010 ) , pensionaries, immature people aged 18 to 25, handicapped people and households confronting hard societal, fiscal or personal fortunes would have lower monetary value vacations by these proposed programs. Therefore, this proposal really could excite consumer and offer them more chance to vacation. Possibly this might be good intelligence to the Hotel industry to contend in the recession. 2.2 REGULATORY Regulation environment is protects companies from each other. While most concerns praise competition, they try to antagonize it when it affects them. Another manner is try to curtail companies covering any unjust and guilty minutess. Furthermore, ordinance besides aims at protecting consumer from unjust concern patterns. If unregulated, houses might do insecure or low quality merchandise and services, be untruthful in their advertisement, or deceive through packaging and pricing. Furthermore, hotel revenue enhancements and eating house revenue enhancements have become popular beginning of gross for local authorities. In many instance, hotel revenue enhancements are supposed to be used to back up touristry, nevertheless the disbursement of this money has been capable to broad reading, hence hotel director should do certain that those revenue enhancements designated to advance touristry are used efficaciously. 2.3 ECONOMIC FACTORS In the recession, falling consumer assurance, increasing unemployment and the legion jobs caused by the fiscal critical point have hit bottom line of the Hotel industry. There are besides a figure of related factors that have had peculiar impact. However, economical environment could be included by following elements: Wage inflation- in the recession, the pay of labor might non be increased, it is depend on the determinations are decided to cut the pay or increase the pay by director. Therefore, hotel director should pay more attending to income distribution every bit good as mean income. Monetary value inflation- because the recession, if economic diminution, than trade good monetary value will lift. It will act upon the determination client make to go or non. Gross domestic merchandise per capita- the most of import economical component are the client buying power and disbursement forms, GDP can Bespeak these elements, because entire buying power depend on current income, monetary value, nest eggs, and recognition, hotel director must be cognizant of major economic tendencies in income and altering consumer disbursement forms. Exchange rates- because the UK economic is fall down, the exchange from a lb to Euro is lessening, hence, clients might take domestic touristry for their vacations. Even in the recession, clients still prefer to take short interruption to honor them. Harmonizing to Mintel s one-year study of disbursement precedences in 2009 showed that vacations remained the taking concern for consumers, despite the recession. Furthermore, the taking precedences showed small alteration from pre-recessionary times. 2.4 SOCIAL FACTORS In the recent of clip, the population of old coevals in the UK is increasing. Furthermore, Mintel ( 2009 ) sole consumer research reveals that older grownups are somewhat below norm in use of budget hotels. However usage is somewhat more likely than immature individual. However, even in the recession, a few people have non be affected, they still consume in the luxury hotel, such as Ritz or Hilton. They did non care the money, merely because their life style is luxury. Although those people did non alter their ingestion, most of clients still be affected by the recession, therefore they might prefer to take the budget hotel non the mid-range hotel if they are going. 2.5 Technological Factor Presents, engineering has important affected the Hotel industry in many ways, for illustration, Travelodge launched a free iPhone application that allows users to turn up their five nearest Travelodges by GPS, and they can see handiness and monetary values, and book suites. Furthermore, clients can book their adjustment or check-in by Internet, or acquire the information which are required by clients on new Platform, such as Facebook or Twitter, these and other technological progresss will assist companies to be more effectual in the market place, nevertheless Internet incursion degrees and the demographic dislocation might be make operators usage of this distribution channel of all time more feasible. If Firms that adopt utile technological progress, they will derive a competitory advantage. 2.6 COMPETITION FACTORS Because the construction of the industry is strongly impact the competition between the companies, while make up ones minding the schemes which are used by houses. Therefore, this undertaking use Porter s five Forces analysis to look into the Hotel industry, it is including the menace of new entrants, the competitory competition within industry, the menace of replacements, the bargaining power of purchasers and the bargaining power of providers. The menace of new entrants because hotels are non easy to garner infinite to construct and the costs of building are really high, moreover, with a long period of the building, the investings can non retrieving instantly, it become the barrier obstructor bit by bit. Therefore, the entry barrier is strong. The competitory competition within industry As the Hotel industry besides is a service industry, hence homo has become an indispensable component to the market. If the turnover ratio of employees is lower, the centripetal of employees is strong, as a consequence, company will hold the advantage of competition. The menace of replacements In fact, the chief replacements of the International Hotels are the budget hotels or little hotels in the recession. Because the International hotels normally for tourers non travels and their suites are priced excessively high, when the economic system is in the recession, the general permutation of hotels will work the bargaining power of purchasers the Hotel Industry is face in a ferocious competition, companies would marks a long-run contract to stay their client base. Therefore, clients in the bargaining procedure had a strong bargaining force. the bargaining power of providers In the Hotel industry will buy great sum of stuffs and the articles for day-to-day usage, which could cut down the dialogue power of providers, hence, the bargaining power of natural stuffs providers is low. Hotels find themselves with a different job, high barriers of issue from the industry. The big capital investing required to construct a hotel sunk cost. As a consequence, hotel that can non run into all their debt payments, revenue enhancements, and other fixed costs, but they can bring forth adequate net income to cover their fixed cost, may run at a loss instead than shut their door wholly. Therefore, when hotels demand plumb bobs, room supply remains the same, ensuing in intensified competition for clients. 2.7 ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS A Hotel trough should make up ones mind how to prosecute the procedure of internal concern, capableness and accomplishments, furthermore accommodation or development to accommodate to client demands and penchants. For illustration, if hotel could supply high quality of service or making some promotes activities client return ratio will be increased. For case, harmonizing to Mintel ( 2009 ) points out that Whitbread decides to open 1,700 Premier Inn suites across the UK during 2009 to 2010. Whitbread is be aftering to increase their market portion in the UK hotel industry. It attempts to make this by constructing on its market place and supplying its clients with cost-efficient bundles ( Mintel, 2009 ) . It besides plans to develop their engagement platform, heighten their gross revenues and put into topographic point the following stage of its gross direction system. 2.8 Market FACTORS In the market sector, the most of import thing is client, houses should confirm the chief clients they want to endeavor and the market they segments. Promotional activity has been ramped up with seasonal offers from the larger ironss, while mugwumps and smaller trade names have begun to include more offers on their web sites. For the budget hotels, this has been led by activity such as room gross revenues, for illustration, in autumn of 2009, Travelodge ran a Spring Sale, offering suites from every bit low as ?12 per dark. In add-on to offering more competitory pricing, mid-range hotels are in a more flexible place, because they are able to offer bundles or repasts to appeal to a larger, more price-conscious market. In decision, concerns have cut their budgets and many commercial travelers have turned to the budget ironss in topographic point of the mid-market hotels they had antecedently been utilizing. Although concern travelers have progressively switched to budget ironss, concern travel itself has been one of the hardest-hit sections, diminishing the pool of commercial travelers remaining in hotels overall. And budget hotels still face an acclivitous battle in convincing. This undertaking examines the impact of recession on the Hotel industry, looking at these cardinal issues alongside consumer tendencies, an overview of the market, publicities in the market place, and see their endurance of the Hotel industry in the UK in the clip of the recession. 3.0 PROJECT DESIGN 3.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purposes of this research are traveling to analyze the Hotel industry in the clip of the recession in peculiar with their selling schemes, moreover, to analyze how the budget hotel rise alteration traveler s ingestion. The research focuses on analyzing the hotels scheme and clients ingestion in going, furthermore, investigates any possible development with Hotel industry. The study aims to make this by: To analyze the market section of the budget Hotel industry in the south England during the clip of the recession. To look into consumer attitude toward the budget hotel by their promoting schemes. To look into the possible development of the Hotel industry in the hereafter. Analyzing stairss being taken by some specific hotels, such as Travelodge and Holiday Inn, which in order to measure the budget hotel s selling and promote scheme to battle the recession, in add-on to happen out the possible chances to heighten Hotel industry development. 3.2 CONTEXT ANALYSIS The market section of the Hotel industry and how do they last in the recession is the chief context of this research focused on, and the stairss being taken by the steps which hotels use to advance or publicize their popularity with clients when clients altering purchases attitude and behavior by the recession. When the planetary economic system environment in the recession and clients disbursement power is diminishing, clients might abstain the abroad Tours to metropolis and short interruption in the UK, Mintel ( 2009 ) states that abroad vacation volume diminution by an estimated 14.5 % in 2009, nevertheless Mintel ( 2007 ) forecasts that metropolis and short interruption market has increased by an estimated 20 % from 2007 to 2012. Therefore, many clients altering their ingestion from abroad to short interruption in the UK because of their budget, it will assist budget or little hotels to turn their gross revenues, nevertheless, mid-range hotels might worsen their gross revenues m erely for the ground that their monetary values. Nevertheless, high quality hotels might stay their gross revenues for the ground that their client would non affected by the recession, so they still prefer to take luxury hotels. This grounds might be identified by this study. 3.3 Specific Selling Analysis 3.3.1 KEY AREAS OF MARKETING THEORY There are three chief countries of selling theory are aimed by this undertaking. First of this study will look at Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning, peculiarly to specify and concentrate on the market section of the Hotel industry and hotels place to bespeak the consequence they affected by the recession. Furthermore, it besides explains the consumers and difference between market cleavage and defines markets groups of consumer who have the resources to buy that adjustment ( Masterson and Pickton, 2004 ) . Second, this study is traveling to look at client station purchase satisfaction and outlooks, it chiefly concentrating on which elements could act upon clients when they chose to acquire adjustment. It will besides to analyze how alterations in the recession have affected the consumers determination ( Baines, Fill and Page, 2008 ) . It evaluates the features associated with each of the relationship phases, rating of options, purchase determinations and station purchase ratings. The 3rd country of selling theory is that of the service selling mix. Furthermore, this study will be concerned with four features of services marketing to hotels, it can be used to look into how make the hotels functioning and fulfilling their clients and consumers ( Kotler et al, 1996 ) . Unlike physical merchandises, services can non be seen, heard or smelled before they are purchased, it besides depends on the quality which can do consumers devour for a 2nd clip. However, it evaluates the service system of hotels, and evaluates the advantages of competition in the Hotel industry. 3.3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will utilize primary and secondary informations to analyze. The primary informations will includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. Harmonizing to Michael ( 2009 ) , the quantitative attack uses questionnaires to garner among a sample of hotel consumers and will take an grounds to back up this undertaking, which aims at finding facts and causes by clients. The questionnaire will take at finding the facts and causes of the penchant in clients ingestion in the Hotel industry in the clip of recession. This will assist this research to happen out the ground why clients altering their purchasing attitude and ingestion penchant. The quantitative attack will be highly of import as it will let the research to acquire a better understand to what happened to consumers altering their penchant in Hotel industry. The qualitative methods will utilize by two different attacks. The first attack will dwell of a focal point group with hotel consumers to clear understand their ingestion attitude and outlook in hotels. The 2nd of qualitative research will be use in-depth interview with the choice hotel director in order to understand what publicity or advertizement to keep clients in the clip of recession. One of the benefits of qualitative research is to understand what is respondents seeking answer to interviewer, it is the context that helps people to explicate why they acted as they did. This sort of context is the best manner to understand by speaking ( Michael, 2009 ) . These qualitative attacks are besides of import if research workers aim to acquire a clear construction to look into and to understand that the state of affairs of travelers altering their penchant of vacation s adjustment in the UK. That is to state qualitative methods are good justification and good account attack in any stat e of affairs of research ( Thomas 2003 ) . 3.3.3 DATA COLLECTION APPROACH In this research will be by and large selected about two focal point groups, two interviews and one hundred of questionnaires, it is non hard to reach with the respondents, but there might be some hard to reach with the trough of hotels. However, the interviews were contacted in the hotel of Leicester which located was chosen in a conference room or the other quiet topographic point. It is of import to acquire the best quality consequences of an interviews or observation. The ground why done interview in hotel is all the respondents were devouring in the hotel and relevantly, so it would be convenience for them to hold a short discuss for this undertaking. 3.3.4 POTENTIAL PROJECT OUTCOMES AND POTENTIAL CHALLENGES This undertaking likely could garner some utile result to detect how selling director s solution and challenges with the recession in the micro and macro environments, and to detect how clients altering their purchasing forms in the recession. Another possible result would be the apprehension of how directors maintain a good relation with clients and advancing their hotel, and anticipate the alteration. Harmonizing to Solomon ( 2010 ) definition of client behavior, it is the influence affected by seller who fulfills clients outlook and satisfaction. Therefore, analyzing a state of affairs in which clients attitudes are altering would enable us look into that how sellers altering their publicity and place, if a house is traveling to fulfill client demands productively. However, there might be some possible challenges could act upon the research, for case, the research non being able to interview a relevant place of hotel to do the responsible relevant to the research. The issue of answering trying for the questionnaires to be administered may non be representative plenty of the full spectrum of hotel consumers. The consequences of interview may non place or warrant the method of survive or diminution for hotels direction.

Marketing Strategy Formulation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Strategy Formulation Assignment - Essay Example It is intended to help the disable people to perform their daily activities, similar to any other normal person. These robotic legs have been invented in a manner that permits effective and comfortable bending and moving of limbs to desirable directions. Apparently, targeted to a noble cause, the degree of influence created by social responsibilities of Parker Hannifin increases substantially also affecting its marketing strategies to a certain extent (Tita, 2014). Correspondingly, this essay intends to assess the marketing strategies adopted by Parker Hannifin when launching its robotic legs, with due consideration to its basic price strategies and overall promotional strategies. Pricing strategies is the most crucial factor to boost sales volume of any marketable devices, which is no exclusion in the case of Parker Hannifin. In the words of the head of its Human Motion and Control Unit. Mr. Achilleas Dorotheou, â€Å"There’s a graveyard of great technologies out there. You need to prove to the payers in dollars and cents that the device saves MONEY†, which apparently signifies the importance of pricing strategies for the device. Accordingly, its pricing strategies have been based on the value of the product addressing the target customers’ basic needs. When introduced, Parker Hannifin’s Indego was marketed through the price skimming method, whereby the price of the device was fixed at between $69,000 to $100,000. Hence, the price of the product was fixed at a higher rate but along with insurance facilities to cover damages and other risks to be borne by its users. This further sufficed the conditions of cost plus pricing strategi es by the company (Kotler, 2002). Besides, the company also considered that offering different kinds of discounts and innovative schemes will help to attract a larger volume of consumer towards the product, further helping the company to penetrate its markets by lowering its prices in the near future to